GCSE History
Edward I conquered Wales in two campaigns (1277 and 1282–1283), killed or executed its leaders, and then built one of the most sophisticated castle networks in medieval Europe to hold it. Master James of St George's concentric castles - Conwy, Caernarfon, Harlech, Beaumaris - are UNESCO World Heritage Sites and the most visible legacy of Edward's ambition. Wales has been part of the English crown ever since.